Tobacco s Effects On Our Population - 828 Words

Introduction Many individuals struggle with the effects of tobacco and the ramifications that comes with being a smoker. For decades, tobacco has caused various forms of cancer and health related issues. Since this has become an issue, coalitions and organizations are banding together to control this situation. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, Public Health Service Act of 1944 and the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972 are all trying to utilize tobacco s effects on our population. According to the CDC, the Food and Drug Act of 1906, states that 1914 interpretation advised that tobacco be included only when used to cure, mitigate, or prevent disease. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015) In 1953-1959 false claims stated that tobacco could aide health issues, not until 1984 was tobacco considered a drug. This is when the FDA asserted alternative n icotine products to help tobacco users quit smoking. It wasn t until 1987 when Public Law 100-202, banned smoking on domestic airline flights two hours or less. In 1989, airlines banned smoking from fights six hours or less and in 1992 banning sale of tobacco to minors. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015) The laws will continue to increase thereafter to our present day showing that our communities do not want tobacco to devour our streets and neighborhoods. In 2015/2016,Show MoreRelated`` 1493 : Uncovering The New World Columbus Created By Charles C. Mann966 Words   |  4 PagesNew World Columbus Created, Charles C. Mann enlightens and captures how Columbus’s expeditions united the lands of Eurasia and America. It is a well-written and informational book that successfully displays much of the development and foundation of our present all from the European discovery of the new world. Charles C. 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SHS is estimated to contribute to heart attacks in nonsmokers and causes nearly 53,800 deaths in the United States alone on an annual basis.1 According to the United States SurgeonRead MoreEffects Of Smoking On The Mind And Body1578 Words   |  7 Pagescentury smoking has been integrated into our society, and it has been lingering without any uproar. The beginning of the 20th century was a time where smoking cigarettes was something a doctor would do in a hospital after surgery. Smoking was so common around that time youths were even indulging into the harmful habit with no penalties. In today’s time, there is a significant amount of awareness to the destructive nature of smoking, and any other tobacco product. Science has reached many heightsRead MoreThe Consumption of Tobacco Products 1090 Words   |  5 Pages In the 1930’s cigarette smoking was looked upon as alluring. The well to do beautiful, who’s who, type of people flaunted their smoking habit. The first Surgeon General’s Report on smoking and health was released in 1964. In today’s society, smoking is not so attractive... It is strange to watch movies of years gone by when Hollywood stars would pose as smokers in a setting such as a hospital, restaurant, or airport. While the Marlboro man would ride horseback across the screen in commercials

Clybourne Park - 1002 Words

Word Count: 1,002 Clybourne Park Essay The Broadway play â€Å"Clybourne Park† is based off the movie and play â€Å"The Raisin in the Sun†. It is written by Bruce Norris and was honored with many awards including the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for drama and the Tony Award for best play. Bruce Norris wrote the play by having it pick up right where â€Å"The Raisin in the Sun† left off. By doing this, Bruce Norris picks up where the drama was and shows the racial tensions in the 1950’s and 1960’s up until present day. To create this, writer Bruce Norris created a play with only two acts. The first act is based in the late 1950’s and early 60’s right after the war. The second act is based in the same house fifty years apart in the year 2009. By doing this†¦show more content†¦Another example of racism in Act 2 is the jokes that the cast keep saying back and forth to each other. For instance Steve asks the cast ‘†how many white men does it ta ke to change a light bulb?† and Kevin replies by saying â€Å"one to hold the light bulb and the rest screw the entire world†. Then Steve replies with another racist joke asking â€Å"what is long and hard on a black man?† As the cast keeps bickering and talking over each other Lena decides to tell the most racist joke of the entire play. She asks â€Å"why is a white woman like a tampon?† As Steve tries to figure out the answer Lena tells them that it is because they are both stuck up cunts. After all of this is said everyone continues to argue and talk over each other. Nothing seems to be solved and people start to leave because of all the racist comments. Even after fifty years have passed racism is still evident in Act 2.This portrays the way people treat each other in reality and how race is still a prominent issue in the world today. Bruce Norris may only hint at what rich people do in the neighborhood but raises numerous issues. One in which is that race triumphs class. Norris’s play â€Å"Clybourne Park† raised much controversy by bringing up an issue that many people now a day decide to forget and act like it is not there. By bringing the issue of race upShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Clybourne Park By Bruce Norris Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesOn Friday, September 23, the University of Central Florida Theatre Program performed Clybourne Park, written by Bruce Norris, which was directed by David Reed. Clybourne Park satirizes racism and how foolish people were in not being able to accept the differences among each other. The late 1950’s was a time when racism was at its peak, which caused serious turmoil amongst fellow American citizens. Clybourne Park is a play about how society needs to progress and embrace change. Set in 1959 ChicagoRead MoreAnalysis Of Bruce Norris s Poem, And Then You Go For A Steak992 Words   |  4 Pagesslightly uncomfortable. At least if you take the piss out of the audience, they feel they are being addressed.† Bruce Norris creates this environment through Clybourne Park. Clybourne Park addresses tough, but relevant, social issues with which readers can relate; he points out that the more it changes, the more it stays the same. Clybourne Park is about a white, middle class couple, Russ and Bev, who is moving out of their neighborhood. The author, Bruce Norris, writes a spin-off of A Raisin in theRead MoreAn Afternoon in the 1950s Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesaffordable and a lot better than the old 3 bedroom apartment they were currently living in. However, the house that she wanted to buy just so happened to be in the all white neighborhood of Clybourne Park. As the play progresses, Mama (Lena) ends up using some of the money to put a down payment on the house in Clybourne Park, however after seeing the way Walter Lee had recently been drinking away his pain and always talking about the success of the â€Å"white man† from their investments, she ends up crying andRead MoreWhat Can Talking About An Issue Do?2107 Words   |  9 PagesWhat can talking about an issue do? The play Clybourne Park is a great example of not shying away from racial issues in literature. But it could also be deemed too controversial and overdone by some. Based off the play A Raisin in the Sun, it seeks to show the other side of the community from their perspective. The tensions between Russ’ family and the community are brought to light during the course of the play. His son had committed suicide after returning from Korea and this tragedy left a hugeRead MoreThemes In Clybourne Park And Water By The Spoonful1516 Words   |  7 Pagescharacter, or setting, the audience would lack a clear vision of the particular play’s meaning. In the case of Clybourne Park, by Bruce Norris, and Water by the Spoonful, by Quiara Alegria Hudes, race can be identified as a theme in both, through the use of literary devices, however it is explored much more subtly in Water by the Spoonful. Race is the major underlying theme in Clybourne Park, while the themes of community and a ddiction are dealt with in Water by the Spoonful. Nevertheless, each playRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play At The Sun 2135 Words   |  9 PagesThe play Clybourne Park is a great example of not shying away from racial issues in literature. But it could also be deemed too controversial and overdone by some. Based off the play A Raisin in the Sun, it seeks to show the other side of the community from their perspective. The tensions between Russ’ family and the community are brought to light during the course of the play. His son had committed suicide after returning from Korea and this tragedy left a huge hole of hurt in their family. At firstRead MoreAnalysis Of Bruce Norris s The Play 1306 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Clybourne Park by Bruce Norris, there is a deep contrast in the achievement of the American dream as seen in A Raisin in the Sun. Despite Norris play being inspired by Hansberry’s 1959 classic, his play gave the perception of white people and how th ey view the other races in America. Norris, who is white, illustrates that race is a subject that should be freely discussed. The play that is set in two acts that are 50 years apart portrays the American dream of the middle class AmericansRead More Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay examples797 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, many of the characters in the play have different dreams that clash with each other. Problems seem to arise when different people’s dreams conflict with one another; such as Walter’s versus Bennie’s, George’s versus Asagai’s, and the Clybourne Park versus the Younger’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walter and Bennie both have very different mindsets and they constantly are fighting, therefor they both have very different dreams that are on opposite ends of the spectrum. Walters dream is to be his own boss inRead MoreRacism and Stereotype in Karl Linders Speech1157 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Nazi regime, brought on the Holocaust. In his efforts to bring the Jews to extinction he captured and imprisoned the Jews into concentration camps separated from the rest of society. Karl Linder in his efforts to keep the community of Clybourne Park â€Å"pure† for his growing family, attempts to assert dominance over the Stoller family (the Caucasian family moving away) and the Younger family (the African American family moving in), as if attempting to create a reverse concentration camp. HeRead MoreThe American Dream744 Words   |  3 Pagesthe American Dream. The Youngers are example of the people who see the disillutioned of the American dream when Mr.Li ndner and Mrs.Johnson try to stop them to moved in to Clybourne Park, then Willy ran off with the money,and see their family fall apart. Firstly, Mr.Lindner and Mrs.Johnson try to stop them moved into Clybourne Park. â€Å"You mean you ain’t read ‘bout them colored people that was bombed out their place out of there (100).† â€Å" And at the moment the overwhelming majority of our people out

Vaginal Delivery on Postpartum Pain †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Vaginal Delivery on Postpartum Pain. Answer: Introduction: Effect of music can be reflected as the mood management technique for a human being (Simavli et al. 2014). As per different studies on music, it can be reflected as the most enjoyable aspect for the emotional purpose of a person. Music has significant effect on the psychological aspect of a person. It has relaxing effect on a depressed person. I have inspired by the deep house music which is sub genre of house music. It is mainly originated from 1980s. Deep house music has the combination of jazz fank and soul music which affect the soul of human being. I have preferred the main elements of deep house music those are few vocal part, darker emotions, and influence of jazz and dissonant melodies. I have always preferred music with good grove. I have always preferred beat and vibe related music which excite me a lot. Music of different genres always makes me happy. I prefer to listen different kinds of music. According to Knight and Rickard (2001), music can help to enhance the level of cognitive development of a person. It has been found in the study that music can enhance level of baseline salivary of a person. It has also been found that music can be considered as an effective weapon of anxiolytic treatment. It has also been found that relaxing music can also be able to prevent stress, systolic blood pressure, subjective anxiety as well as heart rate of health female and male person. I have also learned that music therapy is also considered as the effective treatment for reducing anxiety, stress and other psychological imbalance. Music can help to reduce any kind of issue of mental health among people. Music has the power to affect the brain of a person ((Simavli et al. 2014). References: Knight, W.E. and Rickard, N.S., 2001. Relaxing music prevents stress-induced increases in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in healthy males and females.Journal of music therapy,38(4), pp.254-272. Simavli, S., Kaygusuz, I., Gumus, I., Usluogullar?, B., Yildirim, M. and Kafali, H., 2014. Effect of music therapy during vaginal delivery on postpartum pain relief and mental health.Journal of affective disorders,156, pp.194-199.

To Kill A Mockingbird and Scout free essay sample

What are the main points in Heck Tate’s evidence? What does Atticus show in his cross examination of Tate? 5. What does the reader learn about the home life of the Ewells? Be specific with examples from the text. To Kill a Mockingbird In-Class Simulation Once this paper is in your hands, you may NOT have any contact outside your group!!! THE TASK: A man has been convicted of rape and battery and sentenced to die for the crime. He is appealing his conviction to the 104th Circuit Federal Appeals Court seated in Gallatin County. You and your fellow justices will hear the case as one of the final stages of his appeal. You will decide whether to (1) accept his appeal for a new trial, (2) modify his death sentence (to life in prison or probation, (3) leave the sentence as is – and allow him to die for his crime. In your group, you will need to elect a Chief Justice who will guide the process, asking for each member’s opinion, mediating disagreements, and conducting votes. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill A Mockingbird and Scout or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You will also need two recorders – one to keep track of arguments of why you think the man is guilty and one to keep track of arguments of why you think the man is guilty. The chief justice should tally the final verdict. You will need to write and deliver a majority opinion justifying the ultimate decision and your reasons for your choice. The defendant is 27 years old, married with children The victim is a 21 year old single white woman The victim and the defendant work in the same building and both acknowledge having seen each other before and sometimes speaking casually with one another. †¢ †¢ The victim was severely beaten in the attack, which helped account for the death sentence The defendant denies the accusations, but claims that the woman flirted with him on one occasion that was interrupted by a jealous boyfriend †¢ The boyfriend claims to have later witnessed the assault, arriving only in time to scare off the defendant. †¢ †¢ The defendant was apprehended as he was trying to flee. The appeal is based on the fact that no medical evidence of rape was ever obtained. Those on the scene at the time claim it wasn’t an immediate concern. He was convicted after six hours of deliberation by a jury of 12 honest MEN The defendant has since attempted, unsuccessfully, to escape from prison The alleged incident occurred in the victim’s home at approximately six o’clock in the evening on the night of August 10, 1988. †¢ †¢ †¢ Injuries were found on the left side of the victim’s body. Victim was never examined by a medical official/ The Defendant’s left arm was left shriveled and paralyzed from a childhood accident. To Kill a Mockingbird Bell Work Chapter 18 and 19 1. Is Mayella Ewell like her father or different from him? In what ways? 2. How does Dill react to the trial? Why is this, in your opinon? 3. How well do you think Mr. Gilmer proves Tom’s guilt? Why? Why not? 4. What made Tom Robinson visit the Ewell’s house in the first place? 5. In your own words, explain Mayella’s relationship with her father. To Kill a Mockingbird Bell Work Chapter 20 and 21 ++ NO BELLWORK DUE TO CLASSWORK ASSIGNMENT: Using your book, chapters 17-20 only, please locate and write down passages that fit the following criteria. Use a separate sheet of paper. Write neatly. Punctuate quotations properly { â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (98). }. Introduce each passage with a sentence that identifies is (i. e. Atticus reveals Bob Ewell’s guilt when he says, â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (34). Note: 6 passages total. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bob Ewells’s guilt (something Atticus says) Bob Ewell’s guilt (something Bob Ewell says) Tom Robinson’s innocence (something Tom says) Tom Robinson’s innocence (something Atticus says) Mayella’s lies The one thing that Tom Robinson says that is considered a mistake that might ruin his changes of winning the trial. To Kill a Mockingbird Bell Work Chapter 22, 23, 24 1. Although Atticus did not want his children in court, he defends Jem’s right to know what has happen. Explain, in your own words, Atticus’s reasons for this (look at the speech beginning â€Å"this is their home, sister†¦) 2. Why does Dill say that he will be a clown when he grows up? 3. Why is Bob Ewell so angry with Atticus? Do you this his threat is a real one? Why/Why not? What do you think about Atticus’s reaction to Bob Ewell’s challenge? 4. What does Atticus tell Scout about why the jury took so long to convince Tom? 5. Explain, briefly, how Tom was killed. What is Atticus’s explanation for Tom’s attempted escape? To Kill a Mockingbird differentiated unit for chapters 22, 23, 24 Learning Goal: Read chapters 22, 23, 24 of To Kill a Mockingbird , make sense of the citizen’s of Maycomb’s reaction to the verdict, and make a personal connection to the reading. 1. Assignment one: For a struggling reader, listening to the chapters being read aloud and stopping to pause and reflect on the points in the chapters which are significant is more helpful. For homework due in this class period, ask the students to complete a reading log entry that is a ? page response to the verdict delivered in chapter 21. How do they feel about the unfairness of the trial or do they think it is fair? Why/Why not? During class, the students will listen to the reading, and while they listen, they will fill in the graphic organizer provided to them. This graphic organizer will ask them to fill in various citizen’s reactions to the verdict – all of which is touched on in the reading. See handout one. 2. Assignment two: For the average reader and group workers, a review and discussion of the reading assignment is appropriate. The homework due in this class period is reading chapters 22, 23, 24. The chapters detail the town’s reaction to the verdict, and after completing the bellwork for these chapters, it is useful to have the students share passages which illustrate the townspeople’s reactions to the trial and a discussion of what their own reactions to the verdict are. See handout two. 3. Assignment three: For advanced readers and independent workers, a webquest on the Scottsburo Trials is relevant and interesting. The students will complete the same reading for the day’s class period; however, during class, these students will use the computers available to research the trials and answer the attached questions. Assessment: completion of the webquest and the ability to relate the Scottsburo Trials to To Kill a Mockingbird . See handout three. Materials needed: Computer with internet access for level 3 assignment TKAM audio cd with cd player and copies of graphic organizer for level 1 assignment Overhead with bellwork questions and sticky notes for level 2 assignment Reading Log Entry for Chapter 21: Re-read the section on pages 210-211. How does the verdict make you feel? Do you think it is fair or unfair? Why/Why not? Do you wish things could be different? Did you ever think – just for a minute – that Tom might win the trial? How do you predict others in the town will react to the news? What about Bob Ewell? Jem? Dill? Miss Maudie? Graphic organizer for Chapters 22, 23, 24 Character How the character reacts to the verdict page # Handout Two To Kill a Mockingbird Bell Work Chapter 22, 23, 24 6. Although Atticus did not want his children in court, he defends Jem’s right to know what has happen. Explain, in your own words, Atticus’s reasons for this (look at the speech beginning â€Å"this is their home, sister†¦) 7. Why does Dill say that he will be a clown when he grows up? 8. Why is Bob Ewell so angry with Atticus? Do you this his threat is a real one? Why/Why not? What do you think about Atticus’s reaction to Bob Ewell’s challenge? 9. What does Atticus tell Scout about why the jury took so long to convince Tom? 10. Explain, briefly, how Tom was killed. What is Atticus’s explanation for Tom’s attempted escape? Hand out sticky notes. Have students mark passages to share with the class of different people’s reactions to the trial. Split up the people among members of the class. They can work with a partner if they choose. Then have class members share with each other and put master copy on the board with page #s. Handout three The Scottsboro trials The websites below discuss a very controversial trial held in Alabama in the 1930s, very similar to the trial of Tom Robinson. Read this entire page and the timeline that follows: Historical Context of the Scottsboro Trials library. thinkquest. org/12111/scottsboro/historic. htm For more information (optional), visit: The Trial of the Scottsboro boys /www. law. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/SB_acct . html Answer the following questions that you can present to the class: 1) What were the Scottsboro boys on trial for? Did they actually commit this crime or not? How do you know? The second part of your paper should consist of a personal essay that illustrates the point(s) of empathy that you share with the character and a detailed and meaningful description of the reasons why. Remember that your experiences do not need to be exact duplicates of the situations or experiences of the character; they must merely relate in some meaningful way. Assignment due __________. Neatly handwritten. Skip lines between passages. Empathy: The ability to understand another’s feelings, perspective, motivation, and situation. Skim through the novel To Kill a Mockingbird and find five incidents or quotes with which you can empathize in some way. Be sure to write the entire passage or quote and include the page number on which it begins. Then write what it is you can empathize with. Follow exactly the format below. Example: 1. Scout’s feelings: â€Å"After ten forevers Dr. Reynolds returned. ‘Is Jem dead? ’ I asked. ‘Far from it,’ he said, squatting down to me. ‘He’s got a bump on his head, just like yours and a broken arm† (264). Point of empathy: I can empathize with Scout’s fear that her brother is dead after their run-in with Mr. Ewell. I, too, have felt scared that my brother was dead after he was in a car accident. It turned out that he was just injured, but like Scout, I was really afraid at the time. Empathy Paper Outline TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD I. Opening paragraph a. This passage is significant because Scout has been involved in a very scary situation involving her brother and Bob Ewell. One of the people who saved Jem is Boo Radley, one character of whom she and her brother have been frightened. d. â€Å"After ten forevers Dr. Reynolds returned. ‘Is Jem dead? ’ I asked. ‘Far from it,’ he said, squatting down to me. ‘He’s got a bump on his head, just like yours and a broken arm† (264). e. I can empathize with Scout’s fear that her brother is dead after their run-in with Mr. Ewell. Personal story a. I, too, have felt scared that my brother was dead after he was in a car accident. It turned out that he was just injured, but like Scout, I was really afraid at the time. b. My brother and his best friend got into a car accident on New Year’s eve, and I was in fifth grade. c. He ruptured his spleen and we went to the hospital. d. We had to cancel our family New Year’s party. e. I didn’t understand why he was so out of it after the surgery and I thought he was dying because of all the blood. Comparisons and conclusion a. Both Scout and I feel very close to our brothers, and we look up to them in such a way that we would be lost without them. b. Like Scout, I was also very young when my brother was in the accident, and I didn’t understand exactly what had happened. c. Similar to Jem, my brother was pretty badly injured, and it would take some time before he healed. d. I always wanted to share my experiences with my older brother because I looked up to him so much. I don’t remember anything in particular happening the night of his accident, but I have felt similar to Scout when she describes: â€Å"As I made my way home, I thought what a thing to tell Jem tomorrow. He’d be so mad he missed it he wouldn’t speak to me for days† (279). II. III. ENGLISH I LITERARY Empathy Paper Rubric CONNECTION WRITING RUBRIC SKILL AREA 6 Responses at this level: 5 Responses at this level: 4 Responses at this level: 3 Responses at this level: Meaning: the extent to which the writing exhibits sound understanding, interpretation, and/or analysis of the writing task and text(s) Convey an accurate and indepth understanding of the topic, audience, and purpose for the writing task †¢ offer insightful interpretations of the text(s) with analysis and connection that goes well beyond a literal level †¢ develop ideas clearly and fully, effectively integrating and elaborating on specific textual evidence †¢ reveal a thorough and insightful understanding of the author’s use of literary elements and techniques †¢ skillfully establish and maintain consistent focus on a clear and compelling thesis which offers a personal connection to the text †¢ exhibit logical and coherent structure that supports the thesis †¢ make skillful use of transition words and phrases †¢ are stylistically sophisticated, using language that is precise and engaging, with notable sense of voice and awareness of audience and purpose †¢ effectively incorporate a range of varied sentence patterns to reveal syntactic fluency †¢ demonstrate control of the conventions with essentially no errors, even with sophisticated language Convey an accurate and complete understanding of the topic, audience, and purpose for the writing task †¢ offer clear and explicit interpretations of the text(s) with analysis and connection that goes beyond a literal level †¢ develop ideas clearly and consistently, incorporating and explaining specific textual evidence †¢ reveal an understanding of the author’s use of literary elements and techniques †¢ effectively establish and maintain consistent focus †¢ exhibit a logical sequence of claims, evidence, and interpretations to support the thesis †¢ make effective use of transition words and phrases †¢ use language that is fluent and original, with evident awareness of audience and purpose †¢ incorporate varied sentence patterns that reveal an awareness of different syntactic structures †¢ demonstrate control of the conventions, exhibiting occasional errors only when using sophisticated language (e. g. , punctuation of complex sente nces) Ideas and Content: the extent to which ideas are elaborated using specific and relevant details and/or evidence to support the thesis Convey an accurate although somewhat basic understanding of the topic, audience, and purpose for the writing task †¢ offer partially explained and/or somewhat literal interpretations of the text(s) with some analysis and connection †¢ develop some ideas more fully than others, using relevant textual evidence †¢ reveal an implicit understanding of the author’s use of literary elements and techniques †¢ establish and maintain focus on a clear thesis †¢ exhibit a logical sequence of claims, evidence, and interpretations but ideas within paragraphs may be inconsistently organized †¢ make some attempt to use basic transition words and phrases †¢ use appropriate language, with some awareness of audience and purpose †¢ make some attempt to include different sentence patterns but with awkward or uneven success †¢ demonstrate partial control, exhibiting occasional errors that do not hinder comprehension (e. g. , incorrect use of homonyms) Convey a partly accurate understanding of the topic, audience, and purpose of the writing task †¢ offer few or superficial interpretations of the text(s) with a tendency to retell instead of analyze or connect †¢ develop ideas briefly or partially, using some textual evidence but without much elaboration †¢ reveal a vague or limited understanding of the author’s use of literary elements and techniques †¢ establish but fail to consistently maintain focus on a basic thesis †¢ exhibit a basic structure but lack the coherence of consistent claims, evidence, and interpretations †¢ make an inconsistent attempt to use some basic transition words or phrases †¢ rely on basic vocabulary, with little awareness of audience or purpose †¢ reveal a limited awareness of how to vary sentence patterns and rely on a limited range syntactic structures †¢ demonstrate emerging control, exhibiting frequent errors that somewhat hinder comprehension (e. g. , agreement of pronouns and antecedents; spelling of basic words) Organization: the extent to which the writing establishes a clear thesis and maintains direction, focus, and coherence Word Choice and Sentence Fluency: the extent to which the writing reveals an awareness of audience and purpose through word choice and sentence variety Conventions: the extent to which the writing exhibits conventional spelling, punctuation, paragraphing, capitalization, and grammar

Political and Economic History of 1866-1940 Essays

Political and Economic History of 1866-1940 Essays Political and Economic History of 1866-1940 Essay Political and Economic History of 1866-1940 Essay There was a variety of economic events and crisis’ in the history of the United States of America between 1866-1940. During this time, the Gilded Age was well known for the rise of employment and rapid development within the U. S. economy. However, this was overshadowed by the Great Depression, one of the lowest points economically in the country. Regardless of economic uncertainty, one man, John D. Rockefeller, amassed a great wealth to be unmatched in U. S. history, greatly impacted industry and communities alike. During the time frame from 1865 through the 1900’s, the Gilded Age brought about the Industrial Revolution rapidly increasing the economy in the United States. New discoveries in industry helped employ thousands of rural people. Railroads were being extended and their tracks were being built stronger with more people employed. Bridges were able to hold heavier loads of merchandise and transport more people at a cheaper toll. In addition, coal and oil were found in Pennsylvania. Iron mines became popular which led to more industrial employment in steel mills (Wikipedia). According to the author, Ron Chernow, cement factories and oversized mines that contained lead, silver, and copper opened a lot of employment opportunities (Wikipedia). Industry and the U. S economy flourished and in November 1929, the stock market crashed causing a tremendous economic and industrial loss. This was the beginning of the Great Depression in the United States. Many families who relied on jobs involving heavy industry were hurt the most. In addition, construction discontinued in rural areas and farmers suffered as crop prices fell drastically in the great Dust Bowl. The Great Depression hurt society in the United States and created a world depression (Wikipedia). The person that I found most interesting was the man who founded the Standard Oil Company in Ohio in the year of 1870. John D. Rockefeller became the richest man in history because of gasoline importance and his creation of lubrication. He became rich by monopolizing the oil industry. Ron Chernow stated that Mr. Rockefeller’s refiner became the largest shippers of oil in the country. He became a billionaire and was very generous to give more than half of his income earnings to several charities such as, The General Education Board. In 1902, Rockefeller gave the board $180 million which was spent to support medical schools and higher education within the United States (Wikipedia). Overall, the economic history of the United States of America from 1866-1940 had seen many rises and falls. The dawn of the Gilded Age created thousands of jobs in the industrial labor. The era of the Great Depression created massive destruction for the U. S. economy. Fortunately, there were intelligent people like John D. Rockefeller who were positively motivated, honest, successful, and influential and therefore made a difference in the economy during that time period. These historical economical events are ones that we, as society, may want to learn from today. Work Cited Page Chernow, Ron. Modified 30, Ocotber, 2010. Retrieved 11. 2. 10 http:wikipedia. org/wiki/Economic history of the United States#The Gilded Age: 1865 E2 80. 931900 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/General_Education_Board. Retrieved 12. 7. 10. servinghistory. om/topics/Economic_history_of_the_United_States::sub::The_Gilde d_Age:_186 Esmeralda Adame Political History 1866-1940 The political history of the United States of America between 1866-1940 included several powerful politicians and major events which created huge impacts in our country. There were many Presidents, both great and disappointing, within this time frame. Certain alliances representing a degree of conflict, th roughout the political history of the U. S. , also left their mark while a variety of groups and individuals pushed and helped create political history during the Progressive Era. During this time period of American history it seems so apparent that President Franklin Roosevelt left the most interesting mark with his â€Å"New Deal† policy. After the Civil War, Andrew Johnson was made the 17th President of the United States after the assassination of President Lincoln in April, 1865. In contrast, Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, was ranked as one of the most horrible presidents (Baliles). Gerald L. Baliles states, Johnson did more to extend the national strife than to heal the injured veterans that served in the war. On March 4, 1887, William McKinley became the 25th President of the United States (whitehouse). One of the most important events during his Administration was the conflict that arose between Spain and the U. S. As a result, the Spanish-American War developed in 1898. A positive result of the war was the victory of United States as it was recognized as a world power. Moreover, Cuba gained its independence as the Spanish-American War ended on December 10, 1898. Unfortunately, President McKinley was assassinated in 1901 leading Theodore Roosevelt to become the next President of the United States. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson became President of U. S. Shortly after, in 1916, World War I began which later ended in 1919. During this time period, Wilson’s plan was to increase economic profits. While men were out serving in the war, new employment opportunities opened for women and African Americans. Women began working in factories like never before. They were proud and excited to be working and being able to vote the first time in history. In 1929, Republican nominee Herbert Hoover was made the 29th President of the United States. He went down in history as one of the worst presidents as he did nothing to improve society or the economic system during the Great Depression. On the other hand, beginning in 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, ended a Republican ran political history, making him a significantly interesting figure in American Politics from the 1920’s through the 1930’s. With Roosevelt, came a fresh perspective, ushering in new policies that would change the landscape of politics as we know it today. Roosevelt wanted the economy to rise again for the sake of the people’s confidence (whitehouse). He created the â€Å"New Deal† Program, which consisted of social programs such as, Social Security and the Tennessee Valley Authority, a huge work relief program, higher taxes on the rich and new control over public utilities and banks (whitehouse). Overall, the political realm and events of the United States between 1866-1940 have had major impacts in political history. Politics and policies throughout the span of 74 years drove America into the Industrial Revolution, the Gilded Age, and World War I where our government made vital decisions along the way, such as Teddy Roosevelt controlling the unions or William McKinley going to war with Spain. Between the conclusion of the Civil War and the inspiring administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his â€Å"New Deal† policies, America stepped forward in time as a blessed nation. Work Cited whitehouse. gov/about/presidents http://topics. nytimes. com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/j/andrew_johnson/inde x. html whitehouse. gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt http://spider. georgetowncollege. edu/htallant/courses/his225/progmovt. htm whale. to/b/mullins46. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#Presidency_1901. E2. 80. 931909

What Is the New SAT Like Student Reactions to the Test

What Is the New SAT Like Student Reactions to the Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The newly redesigned 2016 SAT debuted on March 5th. If you haven't taken it yet, you may be wondering what to expect: What is the New SAT like? What did students think of the exam? Was it easier or harder than the old SAT? How did it compare to the ACT? In this article, I’ll discuss the reactions to the new SAT and talk about what it means for you. How Is the New SAT Different? If you’re already familiar with what changes were made to the SAT, feel free to skip this section. If you’re completely unfamiliar with the changes, I highly recommend reading our full in-depth analysis of the changesbefore continuing this article. I’ll describe the new major changes in brief.The new SAT has a 400-1600 scoring scale, instead of the 800-2400 scale.There are two sections (graded from 200-800) instead of three: Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing.The Essay is now optional and no longer counts towards your over 400-1600 score but instead receives its own score.There is no longer a penalty for guessing which means answering a question incorrectly or skipping the question will result in the same score. The Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Section is composed of two parts: the Writing Test and the Reading test.Also, the Reading no longer has vocabulary sentence-completion questions and instead consists of five passages: one passage in US and World Literature, two passages in History/Social Studies, and two passages in Science.The Writing test no longer asks individual sentence questions but instead asks questions related to 4 passages.In the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Section, you’ll need to be able to read graphs, tables, and other scientific data to answer certain questions. The Math Section is divided into two parts: non-calculator test and calculator test.There has also been a content shift: focus on algebra, decreased focus on geometry, the addition of a few trigonometry and imaginary number questions. What Is the New SAT Like? Survey Results The College Board conducted a survey of 8,089 students who sat for the March 5th new SAT.However, the College Board didn't publish the results of the entire survey. They simply chose the data they wanted to publish on their site.Therefore, I’d recommend you view the findings cautiously since the College Board has a lot to gain by saying the new exam is better than the old. According to the College Board’s survey, 71% of students said the new SAT reflected what they’re learning in high school. By a 6 to 1 margin, students said they preferred the new SAT over the old SAT. 75% of students said the Reading Test was the same as or easier than they expected. 59% of students said the Math section tests the skills and knowledge needed for success in college and career. From the survey results, we can see that students heavily prefer the new SAT to old SAT, which makes me think this new test is a lot easier than the old test.The majority of students seem to have thought the Reading Test was easy, which aligns with the student reactions(which I'll discuss below). For the Math section, the College Board didn’t say how students felt about it, but rather shared that 59% of students felt the Math section tested important skills (which is not very helpful for us to know).The absence of a statistic about how students felt about the Math section makes me wonder if students thought the math was extremely difficult. If the Math section is more difficult, that would align with the student reactions (which I show below) and would be bad for the College Board since their goal in creating the new test was to create a test that more accurately reflected what students learned in school and matched up to that difficulty but did not exceed it. Kaplan also conducted a survey; however, they only surveyed 521 studentswho sat for the March 5th new SAT, so it was a much smaller sample size than that of the College Board (8,089). Like the College Board,Kaplandidn't publish the results of the entire survey. Instead, they chose the data they wanted to publish on their site.I’d recommend you view the findings of this survey cautiously since Kaplanhas a lot to gain by saying the new exam is challenging to draw more students to their prep program. According to Kaplan's survey, 16%of students responded that the new SAT â€Å"very much†reflected what they’re learning in high schoolwhile 56% responded â€Å"somewhat,† 23%responded â€Å"not too much,† and 5% responded â€Å"not at all.† 59% of students said thequestions were straightforward and easy to follow though 58% also said they found the length of the sections tiring. 48% of students said the test was about as difficult as they expected, 30%thought it wasmore difficult than expected, and 22% thought it wasless difficult than expected. 41% of students found the Math section more difficult than expected.56% of students said they felt comfortable doing math without a calculator. If you group the "very much" and "somewhat" responses, about 72% of students felt the test reflected what they're learning in school, which matches up with the 71% of students in the College Board survey. Otherwise, the Kaplan results vary from the College Board results because the questions students were asked in each survey was different. The results of Kaplan's survey seem pretty non-conclusive. Most of the percents are around 40-50% which means about half of students felt the opposite: 59% of students found the test straightforward, but that means 41% didn't find the test straightforward. 58% of students found the length of the sections tiring, but that means 42% didn't find the length tiring. For the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section, Kaplan didn't provide any survey results.The absence of a statistic about how students felt about this section makes me wonder if students thought thesection was relatively easy. If theEvidence-Based Reading and Writingsection is not very difficult, that would align with the student reactions (which I show below) and wouldn't be greatfor Kaplanto advertise since they want students to buy their SAT prep materials. What did the students really think? Student Reactions to the New SAT For those who took the first session of the new SAT on March 5th, how did they feel? Here are some reactions from students on Twitter andthe College Board survey: Math Section Reactions @CollegeBoard need more time on no calculator part. I'm fast at math, but not that fast. - Serena (@cheeselover012) March 5, 2016 @CollegeBoard there was not enough time for the math portion. Especially the first section!! 25 minutes is wayyyy too short😒 - Delaney Schindler (@Laney_Schindler) March 6, 2016 @CollegeBoard You can't expect me or any math wizard to finish the math sections so fast. No one in my class finished it completely! - Tyler Iacona (@tyleriacona) March 5, 2016 @CollegeBoard the no calculator portion of the math portion, as many other people have also testified to, was nearly impossible to finish. - chlà ¸e (@pointe314) March 5, 2016 @CollegeBoard absolutely no way for me to finish the no calculator section that's saying a lot seeing as I can finish the ACT math section - Sabrina (@sabrinaelena98) March 5, 2016 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Section Reactions @CollegeBoard I absolutely ADORED the articles in the Reading section. There were some really scrumptious pieces - especially in science. - Lucia Stark (@LuciaStark8) March 5, 2016 â€Å"I felt like I had a good amount of time to completely read through the passages and select my answers as well as review some of the ones that were difficult for me.† –Elizabeth, 17, WA Overall New SAT Reactions @CollegeBoard pros: writing section was less arcanecon: it's not possible to complete that 25 min math section in 25 min - Fassih Sherazi (@fxuzzy) March 5, 2016 @CollegeBoard Pro- similar to the ACT making it easier to study strategies for both together. - Elizabeth Yousey (@YouseyElizabeth) March 5, 2016 What Does This Mean for You? I’m going to base my advice here off of both student reactions and the College Board Kaplan survey results.However, my advice is more heavily swayed by the student reactions since I think their reactions are more honest and insightful than the survey results. Math Section: Practice Practice Practice Students felt the Math section was very challenging (if not impossible) to finish. Some thought it was more challenging than the ACT Math section which is notoriously hard to finish. This means you must must must drill the pacing of the SAT Math section.Take advantage of every free new SAT Math question available, and practice each one with the accurate timing. Obey the rules of the new SAT Math sections: only use your calculator on the calculator section.Many students struggled on the no calculator Math section.You need to drill your mental math.It’s likely a skill you don’t often use since most high school math classes allow you to use your calculator.Work your mental math muscles.Practice multiplication and finding square roots without a calculator.These are two of the biggest mental math struggles for students. Make sure you know every single concept that is tested on the new SAT Math section.Review the math topics in depth.Practice thehardest SAT math questions. You don't want any confusion on test day! Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: Still Practice In general, students seemed to think the Reading and Writing tests were easier. However,we don't have any data on how students actually did yet just because the reading/writing felt easier doesn't mean it actually was.Students commented that the new SAT passages were more interesting than the often very boring old SAT reading passages.Also, students felt they had enough time to answer all questions related to the passages. While the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section may have seemed easier to students, you still need to prepare for it.You’ll definitely want to get in practice tests while keeping accurate timingto make sure you'll be able to finish the sections. If you're notreaching your target scorefor theEvidence-Based Reading and Writing section on your practice tests, you should check out some of our in-depth strategy guides for the SAT Reading test and the SAT Writing test. Overall New SAT Study Advice Based on the student reactions and survey results, I’d recommend you spend 60% of your SAT study prep on Math and 40% of your SAT study prep on the Reading and Writing tests. On the new SAT, your math score counts for 50% of your composite score (when it used to only be â…“ of your composite).Since the Math is so challenging, you need to put greater emphasis on it.You want to know every concept and be able to answer as many questions as possible in the time allotted. Reading and Writing combined count for 50% of your composite score (when each individually used to count for â…” of your composite).You still want to do well on these sections since they count for 50% of your composite score.Take all the practice tests currently available.Read our study tips, but prioritize Math! What’s Next? Need help with your college application? Learn about how to write a personal statement, how to write about your extracurriculars, and what great letters of recommendationlook like. Interested in attending a top college? Learn about how to get into Harvardand how to get into Stanford. Still prepping for the SAT? Here is the ultimate SAT study guide. If you’re taking the SAT soon, I’d recommend you check out our guide to cramming for the SAT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Aristotle - Essay Example e confronts new situations and develops innovative responses and those spontaneous overflows of powerful feelings energise his creative channels through art forms. An artist is born, but the process of his excellence goes on by continuous application. The unstoppable urge in the inner world of a human being is the inspirational fountain of art. What one thinks as artist’s imitation is in reality is his inner urge, not an exercise of trying to just copy what one sees and experiences. His contribution to the process of creating art is active and his inspiration to imitate is the pivotal point. He articulates three explicit methods for categorising art as an imitation of life. The first method relates to the art known in the most popular form, like a creation of color on canvas relating to a particular scenic beauty. Music also falls in this category. Acting is an important aspect of imitation of human moods and activities. Literature, both prose and poetry, are considered as a f orm of art. Aristotle provides particular definitions for these forms of art. He sees unity and harmony in these diverse forms of art. In the second method he mentions about the particular type of excellence of the art from in discussion. He terms this as virtue. For example, a comedy drama needs to highlight happiness and love and the tragedy must relate to the dark incidents of human life. The third method is to discuss art on the basis of theories. While articulating about the attributes of art, Socrates emerges as a philosopher with profound thinking and mentions about the essential traits of a thing and the method of distinguishing them from each other. Trait in this context has a comprehensive meaning and demands analysis and he shows his fondness for definitions to enable one to arrive at appropriate meanings. Some of the attributes in literature are: Genre and gender attributes: Aristotle tries to evolve and defend his definitions on the basis of some of the famous epics. For

Telling the Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Telling the Christ - Essay Example The gospels of Matthew and Luke are examples of what has been mentioned earlier and to prove this point, it is encouraged that the authors’ approaches be considered in the retelling of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Reading Matthew 27:45 to the last verse of the book, one could see details of the accounts of Matthew from the time Jesus was crucified until He met with His disciples in Galilee after His resurrection. Luke, on the other hand gives a more detailed descriptive narrative starting from the same time Matthew used until Jesus ascension to heaven, found from the forty- fourth verse of chapter twenty three until the last verse of the last chapter. From these readings, one could determine some similarities and also differences which will bring a clearer picture of the circumstances as we look closer. Matthew and Luke both start their narratives by describing the setting, mentioning and confirming that there was darkness that fell on the land from the sixth to the ninth hour. The two authors probably have seen the importance of making mention of this because the darkness was a fulfillment of the prophecies during the ‘day of the Lord’ mentioned in Joel 2:10 and 31 and, Zephaniah 1:15. Both prophets mentioned the dreadful day of the Lord when the sun stops shining, the moon turns to blood and the stars fail to shine. This similarity is a confirmation of each other, making the claim strong and acceptable in the analysis of the scriptures. Following the introduction of the setting, the two authors mention two different utterances of Jesus as he was hanging on the cross. Matthew quotes Jesus saying, â€Å"Eli, Eli, Lema Sabachthani?† wherein he was understood by the spectators as calling unto Elijah for help. He was given a drink of wine vinegar and cried out in a loud voice before he gave up his spirit (Attridge, 1719). Luke on the other hand quoted Jesus saying, â€Å"Father, into your hands I commend my spirit.† This does not mean that Matthew and Luke have different stories of the same event rather, Luke filled in the information that was just mentioned in passing by Matthew. Matthew mentioned Jesus crying in a loud voice before he died and Luke quoted the last words of Jesus. This is what is meant by what was mentioned earlier that the gospels complement each other. Another difference is the mention of Matthew of the guards who were paid to make sure that no one would steal the body of Jesus. The story continues to show that the guards witnessed the rolling away of the stone that covered the tomb and that they have seen the angel of the Lord who was like lightning in appearance. They told the chief priests what happened but they were paid to tell that the disciples stole the body of Jesus. Matthew went on to mention that the story circulated and was retold ‘until this day’, meaning even until the day the gospel was written. This part is not mentioned at all by Luke, showing that Luke had other things in mind that he wanted to emphasize in his gospel. Matthew on the other hand, showed how concerned he was in proving the authenticity of the story of the resurrection of Jesus so he made sure to mention the plot of the high priests against the claim of Jesus’ resurrection. After narrating the plot to deny the resurrection of Jesus, Matthew proceeds with his story to the arrival of the eleven disciples in Galilee, meeting with Jesus.

Distinctive toys and games Essay Example for Free

Distinctive toys and games Essay The claim that childhood as we know it is essentially a creation of the 20th century. is led by Phillippe Aries, a French historian, he carried out detailed studies of the developing nature of childhood and family in France and England from pre-modern to modern times. He suggests that childhood, as we know it, meaning the idea of a child individuality, separate from adults is basically the creation of the 20th century. His argument was that in previous times children were effectively miniature adults, and were treated as such. Historical sociologists pointed out how in the past games and play were not separate childhood activities but things in which adults engaged in too, and that they took interest in dolls houses and dresses, and model soldiers. Childhood is actually something, which is exclusive to our own culture and times. Children were part of the adult world with the progress of industrialisation they have been pushed into a specific category and are thought of and considered different to adults. Factors of the problem originated in the middle classes including religious reasons, humanitarian reasons, the need to produce future workers who were numerate and literate, the need to get children off streets and give them a moral upbringing. However it was the working class who confronted moves to remove children from jobs and move them towards compulsory education. Many families were dependent on extra wages, which were brought in by children, to stave of poverty. However can we trust Aries evidence as it is all secondary data and paintings of people who were royalty or rich women not of ordinary people. Childhood in the 21st century is different from childhood in the 16th century or working class childhood in the 19th century. There used to be a large number of orphans, which meant that many children had to look after themselves.  Aries believes that childhood is not just a biological state associated with immaturity and adolescence, it is also a social experience, which differs from one historical period to another. Aries and Lawrence Stone suggest that in medieval society the idea of childhood and adolescence, as independent categories to adults did not exist. Children were considered little adults. They took part in the same work and play activities as adults. They didnt have distinctive toys and games, we now take for granted as childish things. Children were not considered as special as is today. People were indifferent to them even unfriendly. This was probably due to high infant mortality. One quarter or more infants did not survive their first year compared with less than one per cent of infants in the West today. Stone argues a similar view he suggests that pre-industrial families were a unit of production working on land or occupied in crafts together. Children were prepared to help parents from a very young age. Those who did not help with household production usually left to become servants or apprentices. After industrialisation there is some evidence that these attitudes towards children continued, especially in the working class where children were repeatedly found to be increasing family income by working in factories, mines and mills. The middle-class attitudes towards children started to change in this period, when there was a growth in parental and marital love in middle-class families and as infant mortality rate started to fall, although there was a growth in the authoritarian power of fathers.

Descriptive Essays - The Horse Farm :: Descriptive Essay, Descriptive Writing

The Horse Farm I am jarred out of a relaxing sleep by a voice yelling my name in a loud whisper, and a light burning through my eyelids. Groggily, I open my eyes to see my father standing in the doorway to my messy room. He tells me that I need to get going, that it is 3:00 a.m., and I'm burning daylight. I find my clothes and get dressed. The whole time I wonder why I get up this early to visit the rugged outdoors. I want to go back to bed, but I know my dad will be back in to make sure I am getting ready, in a little bit. Instead, I put my boots and my wide-brimmed, black cowboy hat on, and walked out to catch the horses. The horses are all excited because it is dark and they are not that cooperative. My dad and I get them saddled and in the trailer, and go back into the house to get our lunch, water, and a cup of coffee. Now, we can head for the high country. It is still dark when we get there, so our horses are still very alert; they keep moving around and snorting with eyes wide and nostrils flared. I strap my pistol to my hips and tie the tip of the holster to my leg so it doesn't flop. We are ready to go, so I take a deep breath of the sharp, clean, mountain air and step into the saddle. As we ride along in the dark, I begin to relax. Man, I love the smell of cool mountain air; there is nothing in the world quite like it. It is so refreshing for me. As the sky begins to brighten to a gray, and the stars that were so brilliant just seconds ago begin to grow dim, my imagination starts to picture things moving that are really nothing but shadows in the trees. It is as if the shadows are racing around trying to find their owners before the sun peeks its gleaming face up over the horizon. A deer jumps from its bed, scaring the horses and pumping a quart of adrenaline through my system, as my pistol jumps to my hand. Once I realize it is just a deer, I put my pistol back in its holster. In the last seconds before the sun rises, the sky turns a soft blue.

Business Model and Strategic Plan Essay

For more than four decades, the semiconductor industry has distinguished itself by the rapid pace of improvement in its products. Trends have resulted principally from the industry’s ability to exponentially decrease the minimum feature sizes used to fabricate integrated circuits and other products. Of course, the most frequently cited trend is in integration level, which is usually expressed as Moore’s Law (that is, the number of components per chip doubles roughly every 24 months). The most significant trend is the decreasing cost-per-function, which has led to significant improvements in economic productivity and overall quality of life through  proliferation of computers, communication, and other industrial and consumer electronics. All of these improvement trends, sometimes called â€Å"scaling† trends, have been enabled by large R&D investments. In the last three decades, the growing size of the required investments has motivated industry collaboration an d spawned many R&D partnerships, consortia, and other cooperative ventures. To help guide these R&D programs, the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) initiated The National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (NTRS), which had 1992, 1994, and 1997 editions. In 1998, the SIA was joined by corresponding industry associations in Europe, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan to participate in a 1998 update of the Roadmap and to begin work toward the first International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), published in 1999. Since then, the ITRS has been updated in even-numbered years and fully revised in odd-numbered years. The overall objective of the ITRS is to present industry-wide consensus on the â€Å"best current estimate† of the industry’s research and development needs out to a 15-year horizon. As such, it provides a guide to the efforts of companies, universities, governments, and other research providers or funders. The ITRS has improved the quality of R&D investment decisions made at all levels and has helped channel research efforts to areas that most need research breakthroughs. It is forecasted that by the end of this next decade (2019) it will be necessary to augment the capabilities of the CMOS process by introduc ing multiple new devices that will hopefully realize some properties beyond the ones of CMOS devices. However, it is believed that most likely these new devices will not have all the properties of CMOS devices and therefore it is anticipated that heterogeneous integration either at the chip level or at the package level will integrate these new capabilities around a CMOS core. The participation and continued consensus of semiconductor experts from Europe, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S.A. ensure that the 2011 ITRS remains the definitive source of guidance for semiconductor research as we strive to extend the historical advancement of semiconductor technology and the integrated circuit market. ON Semiconductor Corporation was founded in 1999 and acquired Cherry Semiconductor the next year. In the next six years, from 2005 to 2011, the company opened seven Solution Engineering Centers in Korea, Oregon, Taiwan, and Germany, California, China, and Japan. In addition, the company also acquired ten  companies, namely LSI Logic Gresham, Oregon Design & Manufacturing Facility, ADI Volta ge Regulation & Thermal Management Group, AMI Semiconductor, Catalyst Semiconductor, PulseCore Semiconductor, California Micro Devices, Sound Design Technologies, Cypress Image Sensor Business Unit, and SANYO Semiconductor. The Application Products Group offers analog, mixed-signal, and advanced logic application specific integrated circuits (IC); power conversions and interfaces between AC and DC. The Standard Products Group offers discrete and integrated semiconductor products, such as power switching, signal conditioning and amplification, circuit protection, and voltage reference. The SANYO Semiconductor Products Group offers microcontrollers, analog and digital tuners and signal processing, and memory semiconductors. In 2013, the company introduced the industry’s highest resolution optical image stabilization (OIS) integrated circuit (IC) for smartphone camera modules. Strategic Plan Part I: Conceptualizing in Business A solid strategic analysis is beneficial to shareholders, employees, customers, and decisions makers within a company. The core of an effective strategic plan contains a well-thought and informative mission statement. Using the ON Semiconductor Corporation as a benchmark, a mission statement has been developed to differentiate the company’s products from the competition. In addition, the vision statement as plays an important role in communicating the ultimate goal of the company’s strategic decisions. A driving force behind the mission and vision is the company’s values and ethical principles, which often dictate the choices made during strategic planning. When it is fully implemented, the strategic plan will allow ON Semiconductor Corporation to gain a strategic advantage over its established competitors. Mission Statement We will transform ON Semiconductor Corporation from a traditional broad-line semiconductor company to the leading supplier of programmable solutions in systems everywhere. Semiconductor consolidation is the recent trend of semiconductor companies collaborating in order to come to a practical synergy with the goal of being able to operate in a business model that can sustain profitability. Newly established solutions will be able to supply  local communities with quality products at competitive prices while simultaneously creating value for shareholders. Vision Statement ON Semiconductor Corporation will grow into the largest provider in emerging markets. The brand will have an established presence in Asia, South America, and Europe with locations being found within the top 10 major cities on these continents. By saturating the world’s most populous metropolitan cities, ON Semiconductor Corporation will be the most recognizable Corporation in the world. Guiding Principles, Values, and Culture ON Semiconductor Corporation has several important ethical principles that influence major decisions in the strategic planning process. First, the company is concern about making quality products available to the lowest income groups. Therefore, it is important to keep a wide selection of low cost products available on the market. This becomes an especially important consideration as we expand in markets that experience high levels of economic struggle. Second, the company is committed to delivering exceptional customer service to its patrons. Customer loyalty is a driving factor towards the long-term success of the brand. Failing to deliver exceptional customer service could seriously hinder the ability to grow into new markets. In order for employees to express ON Semiconductor Corporation’s guiding principles, it is essential to create a corporate culture that reflects these principles. Providing ample opportunity for advancement within management hierarchy and the ability to participate in supplemental training will keep employee motivation high. As a result, employees will be eager to follow the ethical values set forth in the strategic plan. It is likely that the company will need to make slight modifications to organization culture to meet the preferences of various world cultures. Impact on Strategic Direction The mission, vision, and values of ON Semiconductor Corporation serve as the foundation for strategic decision making while the company gears up for expansion. When an unexpected variable causes a change in direction, the company will continue to use its mission as a guide for future choices. The primary mission is always to maximize shareholder profits, but the values  determine the approach the company will take to achieve this goal. Overall, this will help the company build a corporate culture in these new markets that gains the respect of the community. If the company is considered to be helping the local community, the chances of creating an effective strategic plan are highly unlikely. Addressing Customer Needs Expanding into emerging markets presents a unique challenge to address customer’s needs. Every country exhibits its own unique culture and it is essential to pander to the preferences of each individual culture. A system that works in the United States is not likely to see the same level of success in Bangladesh, unless serious modifications are made to the business model. To overcome this challenge, the company will conduct independent research and use paid consultants to determine how to tailor the brand’s image for success in vastly different cultures. As time progresses, the company will be able to assess strengths and weaknesses by testing different models in each regional area. Gaining insightful knowledge about each country’s cultural preferences will allow the company to attain a competitive advantage. The nature of strategic management today is seen in the environment-driven strategies of successful firms competing in a diverse market. We must understand that faulty assumptions and false information can result in the formulation of poor or even disastrous plans, and change is constant and continuous; that yesterday’s good plan may not be relevant or of any value today (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). We have to realize that we live in a changing world and business organizations, governmental units and other entities, just like people, have to adjust and adapt to survive. Strategic Plan Part II: SWOTT Analysis SWOTT Analysis of ON Semiconductor Corporation is one of the most important components. By providing quality products and prices, the corporation has established a worldwide presence. This SWOTT analysis shows the various strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and trends that will impact the company in the future. With promising growth prospects in emerging markets, the company has implemented an aggressive plan to be established  throughout the world. This strategy poses several important risks and opportunities that shape the contents of the SWOTT analysis. Economic Trends Economic trends play a major role in the strategic decisions. The brand has an ambitions global growth plan that is sensitive to economic changes. For example, the company reports that China and India are it’s main targets for new locations and expects to see significant growth as economic conditions improve. As income levels rise in these countries, it is expected that new owners will be eager to implement proven concepts into the local community. In addition, higher incomes will provide greater opportunity for a loyal customer base. However, if economic conditions start on a downward trend then an aggressive expansion could be threatened by insufficient demand for their product. If franchise owners are not finding the locations profitable, it could create irreparable damage to the company’s image abroad and force the closure of new locations. Legal and Regulatory Forces Each new emerging market presents a unique mix of regulatory and legal challenges. For example, the company must adhere to specific regulations. Any major violations could create a major backlash to the brand to that could prevent future growth in the country. Supply Chain Operations Maintaining a consistent product is key to building customer loyalty for ON’s. Customers expect to purchase an identical product each time they make transactions with their company. In order to make this possible, the company has a sophisticated supply chain network in place to ensure every location has products available. This feat is achieved by utilizing regional distribution networks that supply owners with the proper equipment. Building a distribution network in overseas markets is significantly more risky than the United. Unknown distributer and freight companies must be chosen by the company to handle these important operational tasks. In the future, ON’s will be able to establish a strong supply network to minimize the threats  faced in international supply chain operations. Opportunities Based on SWOTT Analysis The greatest opportunities for ON’s can be achieved by differentiating the brand from its main competitors. Primary competitors to ON’s market share include Intel Corp, Texas Instruments, Altera Corp and Xilinx Inc., which have established a dominating presence in international markets over the last several decades. ON’s has the ability to demonstrate value to their customers by delivering a product that is completely unique from most other companies. A marketing plan that outlines their unique experience that ON’s offers will help penetrate markets that are already occupied by competing companies. ON’s also has a great opportunity to achieve new innovations that can reduce labor costs. By implementing technology that can automate the duties of employees, the company can increase its operational efficiency. The company can also reduce operational costs within the supply chain by drawing on experiences in the US market. Building a new supply chain in an emerging market will allow the company to design it in the most cost effective manner. Each of these opportunities will play an important role in strategic success of the brand. SWOTT Table External Factors Factor Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Trends Global ON’s has an established image in overseas markets Supply Chain management requires additional investment to establish in global markets Massive new markets in Asia, especially China and India Political unrest in African and Middle East Markets Growing markets overseas will provide exception growth opportunities Economic Improved economic conditions will provide suitable owners. Greater disposable income will prompt some buys to seek more expensive alternatives. Commercial real estate recovery will provide more restaurant locations domestically. Economic collapse and rising materials costs could impact prices. Global economic recovery is remaining consistent Legal and Regulatory Strong safety record New global markets present new regulatory challenges Establish strong relationships with foreign business partners Legal costs for breaking foreign regulations Increased regulation in the USA could raise labor costs. Environmental Strong history of supporting clean environment practices Increasing public disapproval in the USA Show a commitment to environmental friendly initiatives Environmental infractions could create media backlash Consumers place greater importance on environmental initiatives. Competitive Analysis ON’s unique product line separates it from the competition Stronger brands, such as NXP have more overseas locations Differentiate from competing brands Closely related brands establishing locations in emerging markets. Most major brands and expanding globally SWOTT Table Internal Factors Factor Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Trends Strategy Aggressive strategy will provide rapid growth Rapid growth could cause investment in new innovations to lag behind Continue to build presence in emerging markets. Aggressive strategy may be rejected by some cultures Asian countries are showing increasing demand for electronics Technologies Optimized efficiency for product processing Technology still requires significant human capital Automation to cut down on manual labor needs Competitors may develop tech at a faster pace Technology is decreasing in cost overall Innovations Social media marketing in place to build customer loyalty Competitors are offering items that appeal to higher quality Automate payment processing for rapid ordering Negative media coverage could spread on social media Customers prefer products that efficient Intellectual Property ON’s brand is recognizable worldwide Brand is associated with low quality budget oriented products Increase awareness of high quality items Use of IP by foreign competitors without legal recourse Internet makes it possible to market the product rapidly Summary ON’s faces a complex set of challenges as they conduct their aggressive expansion into emerging markets. Ahead of all, the global economic climate poses the greatest risk to the company, as major changes could have a significant impact on the strategy’s effectiveness. However, competitive pressure dictates that ON’s must establish its presence in overseas markets as soon as possible. If the company waits to establish new locations, it many lose the opportunities provided by the current trend of global economic growth. The SWOTT analysis above provides insight that will help the brand mitigate risk as it continues to move forward with the strategy. Strategic Plan Part III: Balanced Scorecard As a method of further analyzing the strategic goals of ON Semiconductor Corporation, the balanced scorecard provides valuable insight into vision, mission, and values of the company. An analysis from the perspective of shareholders, customer, managers, and employees allows the company to gain a  stronger understanding of how strategic initiatives will affect these relationships. Each strategic initiative can have a differing impact, depending on the relationship a person has with the company. A strategic initiative aimed at lower costs might be beneficial to shareholders in the short term, but could have a negative impact on customer and employee values. The balanced scorecard attempts to organize strategic objectives based on their specific relationship to ON Semiconductor Corporation. Shareholder Value or Financial Perspective Objectives Targets Measures Risk Mitigation Increase customer base by expanding product variety Increase domestic revenue by 10% with a new product line over 5 years A trend of 0.5% growth in domestic sales per quarter. Test new items in a limited number of locations to determine nationwide viability. Decrease international supply chain costs. Lower supply chain costs in international markets by 5% over 2 years This objective should also result in higher operating margins Invest in long-term solutions to supply chain management. Improve price-to-earnings ratio. The current PEG ratio sis 9.05 (NASDAQ 2014) and should be increased to 1.50 A quarterly trend of improvement should be seen in the PEG ratio. Expand into international markets that present the highest overall value. Customer Value Perspective Objectives Targets Measures Risk Mitigation Improve company image by marketing new products Increase customer recognition of new product offerings. Growth of new product sales of 10% relative to traditional products. Conduct custom surveys to gain insight into new product reception. Improve overall customer service Increase positive feedback from loyal customers Improve customer feedback by 25% over 1 year. Implement an employee training program focused on customer service Implement delivery to large markets Make ON’s products available with rapid delivery. Implement ON’s delivery in at least 5 US cities Test the delivery system in limited markets before mainstream launch Process or Internal Operations Perspective Objectives Targets Measures Risk Mitigation Streamline payments with mobile devices Allow customers to pay with mobile devices Enable mobile POS systems at 25% of locations Survey customer preferences for mobile payments Increase ordering speed with improved automation. Eliminate need for full time staff by automating production. Reduce total labor costs by 5% over 2 years. Determine long term ROI of investment in automation Learning and Growth (Employee) Perspective Objectives Targets Measures Risk Mitigation Offer new opportunities for advancement within the company Promote more internal employees to middle manager positions Track the progression tenured of employees within the management hierarchy. Implement a training program for employees who desire management positions Improve corporate culture with social media Allow greater communication at all levels of company 25% employee participation on ON’s blog conversations Monitor and track system to ensure conversations are beneficial Summary Strategic initiatives are always associated with a certain level of risk. As an internationally recognized brand, it is essential for ON Semiconductor Corporation to make an effort to safeguard its image with any new strategic choice. Failing to maintain the image that has been developed could lead to a decreased ability to move forward with international growth of the brand. In addition, many of the strategic goals require a significant financial investment. Any large financial investment should show promise of delivering long-term value to shareholders. This is especially important in the process and internal operations category because it directly impacts the operational success of the company. A strategic initiative in this category must be designed for the long-term sustainability of the company. Each perspective on the balanced scorecard has unique strategic implications. For example, the strategic goals of the shareholders are significantly different than those of the employees or customers. The managers in charge or implementing a strategic plan must find middle ground between the objectives of each category listed on the balanced scorecard. Each category plays an important role in the success of the organization at large and it is essential that every category be considered during the process. Ultimately, the balanced scorecard will ensure the strategy meets the objectives and values of ON Semiconductor Corporation. ONs’ competition in the semiconductor industry is widely varied. Direct competitors are other established brand manufacturers, such as Intel, Defunct, Sony, Silicon Wafer Producers, Foundry and Qualcomm. The closest competitor in terms of popularity, growth, and product line is the Samsung Electronics. In such a climate, the best investment opportunities will be awarded to companies that have the ingenuity and creativity to meet the customers’ demands for fashion in an industry driven by economic conditions, demographic trends, and pricing. The industry has moved from a â€Å"buy now, upgrade later† consumer to a â€Å"buy now, upgrade now† consumer. The company’s management is confident that the ONs’ can achieve its aggressive sales  forecasts, generating total sales of approximately $20.6 million in years to come. In addition, ONs’ management has carefully considered its market, potential customer base, and its ability to grow its sales average to capture 10% of the semiconductor industry. ON’s has the potential to become a highly regarded resource in local, regional, national, and international markets. Due to the company’s aggressive marketing strategy, establishment of the company as a â€Å"unique† entity in its industry, careful development of its products coupled with strategic partnerships with some of the industry’s headliners, and the company’s profitable revenue model, ON’s has the potential to provide lucrative returns to potential investors. For ON’s to achieve status as an industry leader, it must secure initial capital. This capital will be used for start-up costs, to establish a reputable storefront, and to further develop the business, business infrastructure, internal systems, product development, and extensive marketing and geographic positioning. Providing that the company is able to acquire its funding requirements, ONs should be able to achieve operational success for many years to come. References Pearce, J. A. II, & Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control(11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Thompson, A. A., Gamble, J. E., & Strickland, A. J. (2006). Strategy: Winning in the marketplace: Core concepts, analytical tools, cases (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Japan or China the Most Important Strategic Relationship for Australia Among the Major Asian Powers?

Is Japan or China the most important strategic relationship for Australia among the major Asian powers? By Mej Amran B Mohamad RMAF Malaysian Armed Forces Defence College Haigate Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. 12 Nov 2009 Author can be contacted at : [email  protected] com. au ——————————————————————————————————————— Introduction Australia’s credentials and place in today international system is quite significant which influence greatly her ability to position and formulating herself strategically in the global scenario especially in the Asia Pacific region. As a nation with global interests, Australia deals with many countries in many regions and one of them is in Asian region. Australia undoubtedly and substantially engages hers interests in a wide range of aspects within the framework of the countries within this Asian region. Among the countries which are influential in shaping Australia’s strategic and defense policy within the Asia Pacific ring are China, Japan and South Korea, North Korea and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) block countries. On the other hand significant Australian interests are also engaged in Australia’s relationships with the other states such as the European Union and its member states, and in the South Pacific, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. However the emerging of China and the influence of Japanese among the major power and largest economies of the Asia-Pacific region has considerably alter the region stability lately. Many new factors and balancing pointers have emerged and its impacts cannot be ignored in shaping Australia strategic relationship and its development of defense policy. Consequently new form of challenges have emerged such as North Korea nuclear proliferation issues and overlapping claimed territory in the South China Sea to mention a few. As such advertently Australia needs to revisit and review back its strategic relationship between the so called major powers in Asia region like China and Japan in order to ensure its effective implementation of strategic environment. Australia essentially need to ensure its security, trading, investment, economic, social partners towards the region continue to uphold and be beneficial to Australia in order to continue sustain and maintain its competitive advantage. Aim The aim of this paper is to examine and to look into some critical aspects of Australia strategic and defense planning policy framework imperatives in order to decide whether China or Japan is the most important strategic relationship for Australia among the major Asian powers. Australia International Relations In its international relations arena, Australia utilizes its assets such as economic, strategic and cultural to uphold its international reputation as a responsible, constructive and practical country. It can be seen that the values which Australia brings to its international relations presently are the values of a liberal democracy greatly influence by her American ally. Australia global politics undoubtedly have been shaped by national experience and given vigour through cultural diversity of the country itself. Some of the important imperatives include the rule of law, the accountability of the government to an elected parliament, freedom of the press and a commitment to a ‘fair go’. Australia ranks eleventh in the world in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. For comparison, Australia's main export destinations[1], 2008 to Japan was 22. 7% 1 and China 15. 6% respectively. Australia's main import sources, 2008 China 14. 6% and from Japan 9%. Australia’s defense capability is seem to be very significant in regional terms. Australia also has a broadly based alliance relationship with the United States, whose strategic engagement and commitment underwrite the stability of East Asia as a whole. Australia Strategic Environment According Senator the Hon Robert Hill Minister for Defense[2] in 2005, he stressed out that providing the capability to defend Australia and Australian interests remains the first responsibility of ruling government. Now lets us look into Australia strategic environment before discussing in depth by delineates the impact of globalization in relation to its strategic perspective. The Impact of Globalisation The world is undeniably experiencing profound and rapid change. While the international world system is dynamic, globalization is accelerating the movement of ideas and technologies and advertently exposing Australia to a new strategic environment framework such as increased the interdependency between countries and made borders more porous, increased of the potency of the terrorist threat, increase the complexity of the potential danger of WMD proliferation[3]. Globalisation has accelerated the trends which have a significant impact on security policy matters, defense capability and decision-making due to increased unpredictability and uncertainty; the technology revolution has led to a diffusion of technology at a faster tempo, particularly in the areas of information and communications; existing of asymmetric threats such as terrorism or WMD have reduced the value of defenses built around geographic advantage; non-state players quite often in some circumstances, constitute a strategic threat such as new form of transnational terrorist organisations, with no state allegiance and new types of weapons and tactics ; and borders as security barriers are now much less effective to mention a few[4]. The interconnectedness of globalisation profoundly have widen and intensify their impacts. Defense Policy In general, Australia’s defense policy response to this environment comprises of two major elements[5]. The first is to shape and build a defense capability that is versatile and adaptable. Australia has and will continue to build a force that is joint, balanced, networked and deployable. Such a force provides options for a credible response wherever Australia’s security interests are engaged. Secondly is to build strong security relationships both globally and regionally. It must be able to lead and have the capacity to contribute to coalitions in region of interest such as the Asia region as per say. Australia’s Security Interests Asia Pacific global issues have significant security implications for Australia. Generally the risk of global conflict diminished considerably with the end of the Cold War, however other potential threats remain. Conflicts in Europe, the Middle East and South Asia regions have the potential to disrupt global security. To address this Australia need to form a strategic partnership with many countries in her global political engagements and of course within Asia Pacific Ring, Japan and China are the most important priority among the Asia regional major powers. Australia’s national security and its economic interests are inextricably linked to the security and stability of the Asia Pacific region. It can be seen that the key components of Australia’s security strategy are maintaining a strong national defense capability, the security alliance with the United States, developing bilateral defense and security relationships with the countries throughout the Asia Pacific, and strengthening multilateral security links in the region, especially with the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). As such by continuously fostering strategic relationship with China and Japan are paramount. Regular bilateral security dialogues with countries in the Asia Pacific, and with key partners beyond the region, provide an opportunity to share views on a wide range of regional and global security issues, promote transparency and reinforce Australia’s commitment to working cooperatively with regional countries on security issues. Australia has increased the number of countries with which it has such dialogues, as part of its long-term strategy of promoting shared security perceptions in the Asia Pa cific region. The ARF for example is an important means of encouraging a sense of strategic community in the region. It complements the central role of bilateral links in dealing with global and regional security issues, and has an important role in encouraging regional support for international regimes against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their missile delivery systems. One of the features of the ARF in 2000 was the participation for the first time of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). On the other hand Australia sees Japan as a strong proponent and strongly supports ASEAN countries economic growth by providing financial aids and assistance in terms of Official Development Aids (ODA) for instance. Subsequently, Australia on the other hand has been very much part of the process of seeking to engage the DPRK more constructively with the regional and international community, including through an exchange of high-level visits. Australia announced the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with the DPRK in May 2000. Australia has made a major contribution to the significant progress in establishing international regimes to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and of missiles. Australia’s future efforts will be concentrated on ensuring that these regimes are implemented and remain effective and, where necessary, are strengthened. Australia is a strong proponent of encouraging adherence to the international regime banning the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel landmines. Australia is committed and relentlessly to adopt practical measures such as landmine clearance, victim assistance and mine clearance technology programs. So after looking inside the Australia needs, now lets us see what has China and Japan share in common and in what ways Australia can benefit more and have the edge by associating herself with the two countries strategically from my perspectives. One thing for sure is that Australia strategic relationships in the Asian region are becoming more complex and continue to evolve. China China’s increasing political and strategic engagement with the Asia-Pacific region with its emerging economic profoundly has many significant impacts on the global economy as well as within the Asia region. Its increasing demand for resources is driving China expansion of economic activity development in the Asia-Pacific region and also emerging as a significant technological centre for region. Hence, China’s importance to Australia grows along with this development accordingly and it cannot be totally ignored. Undoubtedly Australia sees China’s relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region are critically important to the maintenance of regional peace, security and stability. According to Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007)[6], Australia’s strategic responses would include China’s relationship with East Asia, placing strong emphasis on the Korean Peninsula. In particular, China’s relations with Japan and the United States play another vital role in shaping the security context for the entire region. It is in Australia’s national interest actively to encourage and support Chinese participation in dialogue and cooperation on regional security issues. As for example during 2000-01 the exchange of high-level visits started by the visit of Chinese President Jiang Zemin to Australia in late 1999 continued, with six Australian ministers and the Deputy Prime Minister visiting China. The investment and trade relationship between Australia and China is very encouraging and expanding. China today is Australia’s third largest merchandise trade partner. New opportunities for Australia are wide open when China’s was accepted entry into the WTO, both in terms of greater market access for Australian goods and services. Thus by encouraging China to integrate further into the global economy and abide by international trade rules, the role China played in advocating regional stability become more pronounce.. Mutual economic and trade interests are increasingly underpinned by the strengthening of broader bilateral ties including cultural, educational, scientific and people-to-people links. With different cultures and traditions, Australia and China do not always share the same view, but regular dialogue and government-to-government exchanges have been established on a range of issues – from human rights to security issues – in a bid to discuss differences of opinion. The one-China policy will continue to be a fundamental element of the bilateral relationship within which Australia pursues important economic and trade interests with Taiwan. The size, competitiveness and pace of growth of the Chinese economy will continue to be a dynamic influence on other Asia-Pacific economies. Hence its strategic influence will continue to grow and need to be carefully weighted by Australia in planning her defense policy in the region. Japan On the other hand Japan arms of influence cannot be simply being ignored. It must not be forgotten and by reminiscing on the past history of the might of Japanese expansion and World War II (WW II) and the remarkable effort of its quick phase to recover and become a developed country later to become the giant world economy just next to United States need not to be considered lightly. As such undoubtedly Japan occupies a vital strategic position in North-East Asia and continues to play a primary economic and political role in Asia Pacific immediate region. So, realizing this, Australia relentlessly works hard to encourage and continue endlessly for close dialogue with Japan on a wide range of political, economic, and strategic issues and the development, to the extent possible, of policies which are mutually reinforcing. Japan continues to be Australia’s major trading partner, accounting for some 16% by value of our total trade (exports plus imports) in 2000. It is a significant investor in Australia and our largest source of in-bound tourism. The Japanese Government is taking more active role in regional and global security. It remains active in the war on terrorism. Japan increased its commitment to other part of the world such as Iraq, both financially and through the deployment of elements of the Japanese Self-Defense Force in non-combat roles. The Japanese Self-Defense contributions to peacekeeping effort are quite positive. On the other hand the strategic relationship with the United States continues to develop through increased interoperability, harmonization of Japanese and US capabilities and cooperation in missile defense. Australia’s partnership with Japan reflects the broad alignment of Australian and Japanese strategic, political and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region. Like Australia, Japan supports the long-term strategic engagement of the United States in the Asia-Pacific region and recognizes the fundamental contribution that it makes to regional stability. Japan also shares our interest in advancing the APEC forum as the primary vehicle for economic cooperation in the Asia Pacific region. The Australia-Japan Conference for the 21st Century was held in Sydney on 29 and 30 April 2001 to chart new directions – strategic, economic, cultural, educational and scientific – for the relationship. The Conference Declaration, ‘The Sydney Declaration for Australia-Japan Creative Partnership’, set out a comprehensive action agenda: to strengthen economic relations, including through a trade and investment facilitation agreement; to expand dialogue and cooperation on security; and to increase people-to-people links. The Prime Minister’s visit to Japan in August 2001 built further on these links. The Factors Shaping Its Development and the Challenges to Be Met To Ensure Its Effective Implementation. In today dynamic environment more quite often the failure of existing international institutions to provide confidence in collective security arrangements has prompted an increasing resort to coalitions-of-the-willing to resolve issues of common concern. As such anticipating and meeting hallenges to Australia’s security remains a demanding task. Some of the crucial factors shaping Australia defense planning in general include the war on terrorism, proliferatio n of nuclear weapons and weapon of mass destruction The war on terrorism continues unabated on many fronts. Successive terrorist attacks in NewYork, Washington, Jakarta, Bali, Madrid, London and elsewhere since 2001 have demonstrated clearly that no country is immune from experiencing the debacle and horrors of non state actor such international terrorism. The threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has yet to be defeated as some states still seek to acquire a nuclear weapons capability. Longstanding issues, including those relating to the Middle East, North Korea, Iran and Taiwan, remain the subject of international tension. Many countries, including in the Asia-Pacific region, continue to struggle to create the conditions they need for stable economic and political development. Issues of economic downturn, human trafficking, human migration, drugs smuggling, environmental issues, overlapping claimed, boundary disputes are among current issues that need to be emphasize and handle diplomatically and strategically. These imperatives are among many challenges faced by Australia. Analyse the Strengths and Limitations on Current Australian Policy Australia employs its defence capability as the most potent of the range of instruments in order to promote and support its security interests. Among Australia strength include having a formidable Australian Defence Forces (ADF) which is able to meet all these policy and strategic needs. The ADF is capable of operating as a networked, joint force across information, air, land and maritime domains. It also has the capability to operate in environments that are complex and ambiguous, and where adversaries, including non-state adversaries, have increasingly lethal capabilities. Through continuing modernization, it needs to retain capability edge over potential rivals by having the elements of versatility[7]. robustness[8], jointness[9] and integration[10]. At all times it must maintain high levels of preparedness as demonstrated by ADF personnel whom have been deployed in many operations, including those in East Timor, Bougainville, Afghanistan, the Middle East and Iraq, the Solomon Islands, and the Sudan to mention a few. Several of these operations have been concurrent. On the other hand, there have been continuing border security tasks, natural disaster relief operations and contributions to long-running UN peacekeeping or peace-monitoring operations in the Sinai and elsewhere in the Middle East. Other role includes supporting domestic security operations such as those for the Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. Some of the constraints include growing cost pressures on the defense budget. This consequently affects the rising cost of ‘state of the art’ military equipment, particularly capabilities essential for the ADF’s capacity to develop and operate as a superior networked force. The other aspects is the recruitment and retention of an evermore technically capable force amidst of a strong and growing economy, will surely become more challenging Thirdly is to ensure the most efficient use of resources posses a significant challenge to the ADF. Australia Strategic Alliance Priority to Chinese or Japan Australia security accord with Japan has been greeted with much controversy over Australia's actions and intentions of containing China. These two Asian major powers have brought back the shadows of â€Å"Cold War† language of fundamental power relations and strategic competition within the Asia region. However rivalry could be restricted to peaceful economic competition for economic resources. According to Jieh-Yung Lo[11] (2007) China and Japan produce an environment of bi-polar Asia and putting Australia with the dilemma of balancing its national interests in the face of this strategic competition. All this while Japan has become a long time trusted partners in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan and Australia share a common interest in regional stability and prosperity. And today, Australia and Japan enjoy one of the most significant economic and strategic partnerships in Asia. As can be seen in July 2003 besides the latest security accord, Australia and Japan concluded a Trade and Economic Framework to set directions for the future development of the bilateral trade relationship. On the contrary Australia recognizes that both China and Japan are important to its foreign policy and defense policy in the region and shares a growing and thriving relationship with China and on the other side of the coin have a stable relationship with Japan. Australia is very clear where its interests lie and tends to see economics and security as separate issues. It welcomes China's growth, but believes that Japan and the United States should remain influential players in regional affairs. 12] Conclusion From the discussion above it can be seen that it is essential for Australia to form up a formidable defense planning which must provide for both the needs of the present and the possibilities of the future into the uncharted territory. In my opinion thus Australia strategic a lliance with Japan is most crucial and prioritized compare to with China. It is based on many elements of shared values and interests between Japan and Australia. I cogently believed the relationship will still remain the cornerstone of Australia strategic partnership in order to foster and enhance further regional security and stability in the Asian region. Bear in mind that a country’s effectiveness and influence in international affairs is determined by a combination of tangible and intangible factors including its reputation, its geographic size and population, the size and success of its economy, its strategic culture and its defense capability. I can foresee that Australia will continue to work to support the Asia-Pacific region in addressing threats of terrorism, weapons proliferation and the challenge of failing states. In an ever more inter-related world, threats to our neighbours are threats to us among which include the threat of proliferation of WMD within the region and in supporting fragile and vulnerable states. Whether fighting terrorism, piracy, transnational crime, international drug syndicates or people smugglers, effective defense policy remains a key tool of the Australian Government. As such it is importantly and uniquely for Australia to form up a smart partnership and strategic alliance with another countries in this case among one of the major powers in Asia region the most important is Japan if compare to China. In building war fighting capacity to respond to possible future threats, undoubtedly the right defense policy framework will still remains the primary instrument of the Australian Government and will therefore continue to have a central role to play in protecting and assuring Australia’s national goals of a peaceful, stable and increasingly prosperous region. However China as an emerging economic power with it renowned of its military might of course also play a vital role in destabilize the East Asian region and have great influence on the North Koreas and its proliferation nuclear issues cannot be totally ignored. I strongly believe that that a good ongoing relationship with Australia-China is still very useful and Australia need to diligently and willingly maintain a role in influencing China to a certain extent. There is evident in Australia's growing economic and political relationship with China in terms of trade and regional affairs. I also believe that strategic competition between China and Japan will continue to be dominant factors and shape the security and future stability in the region. On present trends, I believe China has reasons to be confidence. Bibliography Books Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific century: Force 2030. Canberra, ACT : Dept. of Defense (2009) Dibb, Paul. 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RSIS Commentaries, 24 April 09 http://www3. ntu. edu. sg/rsis/publications/Perspective/RSIS0402009. pdf Australia's bilateral relationships can be found at http://www. dfat. gov. au/geo/fs Specific trade and investment information see http://www. dfat. gov. au/ And http://www. tradewatch. dfat. gov. au East Asian Analytical Unit http://www. dfat. gov. u/publications/catalogue/pub_bycountry. html DFAT statistical publications see http://www. dfat. gov. au/publications/index. html Australia's international treaty commitments http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/other/dfat Australia's human rights policy e http://www. dfat. gov. au/hr Australia’s international environmental activities http://www. dfat. gov. au/environment Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), http://www. ausaid. gov. au. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, http://www. aciar. gov. au Australian Safeguards and Non-proliferation Office, http://www. asno. dfat. gov. au Australian Trade Commission (Austrade), http://www. austrade. ov. au Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (EFIC), http://www. efic. gov. au/ ———————– [1] Fact Sheet, Market Information and Research Section, DFAT, http://www. dfat. gov. au/geo/fs (dated 4 Sept 09) [2] Australia’s National Security, A Defence Update 2005, Australia Department Of Defense , pp. v [3] Ibid pp. 5 [4] Ibid pp. 2-4 [5] Ibid pp 12 [6] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007 [7] Versatility represents the capacity to perform a range of different roles, often concurrently. Aust ralia’s National Security, A Defense Update 2005, Australia Department Of Defense pp. 9 [8] Robustness is indicated by depth in resources and personnel and is an essential quality if the ADF is to retain the ability to sustain operations for lengthy periods. Ibid pp. 20 [9] Jointnes refers to responds to the challenge of ensuring that all service elements operate together in ways that make a truly joint force. Ibid pp. 20 [10] Integration represents the ability to network weapons platforms and capabilities to strengthen their effectiveness as part of a whole force. Ibid pp. 20 [11] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007. [12] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007